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Bernard Lazare (15 June 1865 — 1 September 1903) was a French Jewish literary critic, political journalist, polemicist, and anarchist. He was also among the first Dreyfusards. ==Youth== He was born Lazare Marcus Manassé Bernard (he later switched his first name and last name) in Nîmes on 15 June 1865, the eldest of four sons of Jonas Bernard and Douce Noémie Rouget. This bourgeois family had introduced the Jacquard loom to Toulouse, and founded one of the first (and very successful) textile mills, producing draperies and passementeries. The family was Jewish, and although not very religious, still celebrated the traditional holidays. Lazare received his ''baccalauréat'' in science, but his passion lay in literature, a passion which he shared with his friend, the poet Ephraïm Mikhaël. It was Mikhaël who, while studying in Paris at the ''École des Chartes'' encouraged Bernard to join him and conquer the literary world. Lazare arrived in Paris in 1886, the year in which Édouard Drumont's antisemitic pamphlet ''Jewish France'' (''La France Juive'') was published. Lazare signed up at the ''École pratique des hautes études'' (Practical School of Higher Studies). He attended lectures by the abbot Louis Duchesne, for whom the Catholic Institute of Paris created a chair of History of the Church. Lazare's rigour and insistence on precision, his ability to call into question supposedly established facts, had undoubtedly influenced Duchesne, whose ''History of the Ancient Church'' (l’Histoire de l’église ancienne) was placed on the Papal index and who reproached Lazare for writing like a "historian" and not a "theologian". In 1888, together with Ephraïm Mikhaël, Lazare wrote ''La Fiancée de Corinthe'', a mythological drama in three acts, where he first adopted his ''nom de plume'', Bernard Lazare. Two years later Ephraïm Mikhaël died of tuberculosis. It was around this time that Lazare became actively engaged in anarchism. Although he never took "direct action", he always continued to support its ideals and his comrades, whose publications and legal defences he financed. It was as an anarchist that he became a literary critic and journalist (his articles were later published in several collections). During the Trial of the thirty in 1894, he defended the anarchists Jean Grave and Félix Fénéon (also a painter).〔(Ressusciter Lazare ), ''Le Monde libertaire'', 29 January 2004 〕 He then covered the 1895 miners’ revolt in Carmaux for the ''Écho de Paris''. In 1896 he attended the Socialist Congress in London, where he denounced Karl Marx as "a jealous authoritarian, unfaithful to his own ideas, driving the ''Internationale'' away from its goals". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bernard Lazare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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